Italian Renaissance - Renaissance Guide

“To be born again or to be reborn” (renasci) - this is how Latin translates the name of an era of world significance in the development of culture. The Italian Renaissance or Renaissance (Italian: Rinascimento) paved the bridge between antiquity, the Middle Ages and the New Age.

The revival of ancient heritage

After the collapse of the Eastern Roman Empire ("Empire of the Greeks") under the blows of the Crusaders in 1204 and its final death in the middle of the 15th century, emigrants from Byzantium arrived in the center of the Mediterranean. They introduced the Italians to the ancient tracts of private libraries and works of art.

Medieval Europe was not familiar with the culture of the Greco-Roman world, which caused unprecedented interest. In search of ancient manuscripts go to the distant monasteries of Francesco Petrarca, Giovanni Boccaccio, Poggio Bracciolini and other humanists.

In 1404, Donatello (Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi) travels from Florence (Firenze) to Rome (Roma) to sketch and measure sculptures of ancient architecture. Young Michelangelo Buonarroti (Michelangelo Buonarroti) copies Greek statues (1488). Raffaello Santi (Raffaello Santi) on the orders of Pope Leo X, he studies the ancient buildings in Rome (1513 - 1516).

Why it all started in Italy

The social background of the Renaissance is due to the political phenomenon of the country. Empire and church were replaced by independent city-states, most of which were republics. Independent politics, democratic orders differed from European monarchies. The Early Renaissance did not know centralized power. Even in small towns, exiles found support and understanding from humanists.

Italians recognize themselves as a single, optimistic, life-affirming people. In the center of the Mediterranean, popular government was formed, radical changes took place, the formation of the Renaissance took place.

Tuscany

The homeland of the Renaissance - the Republican Tuscany (Toscana) - was the first to change the structure of society. Artists received privileges, entered the power structure, became diplomats. The craft of painters and sculptors was equated with the sciences.

In Tuscany, Dante Alighieri, Filippo Brunelleschi, Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, Michelangelo di Buonarroti created. A new phenomenon has appeared - philanthropy.

The prominent statesman Cosimo di Giovanni de 'Medici (Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici) opens a line of patrons of architects and artists. For two centuries, Tuscany has become the center of artistic life and determines the course of development of Italian culture. 7 objects of the region are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List:

1. Historic Center of Florence
2. Historic Center of Siena
3. "Ideal City" Pienza
4. City of San Gimignano family towers
5. Piazza dei Miracoli or Miracle Square in Pisa
6. Villas and gardens of Medici
7. The cultural landscape of the Val d'Orcia Valley

Padua

At the beginning of the 15th century, the freedom-loving Padova became the main educational center of Italy.

The founder of modern science, Galileo Galilei, and the progenitor of the Florentine Renaissance Donatello, were born and worked here. The ten-year period of creativity in Padua is considered the peak of the sculptor's achievements. The master creates unsurpassed creations: a copper horse statue of the Padua ruler Hattamelata, bronze bas-reliefs for the church of St. Anthony (Basilica Pontificia di Sant'Antonio di Padova), a sculpture of John the Baptist.

At the entrance to the Cathedral of St. Anthony is a monumental three-meter monument to Gattamelata, made by Donatello on a pedestal of eight meters in height.

In Padua, Tiziano Vecellio created, decorated with frescoes the oratorio of the church del Carmine (Basilica e Scoletta di S. Maria del Carmine).

Ferrara

The heyday of the "Ferrara" Renaissance is associated with the dynasty of the ruler of the city - the Duke d'Este (1393 - 1441). The philanthropist tried to decorate his palaces with unique paintings and frescoes, inaccessible to the public.

Passion for esotericism and astrology influenced the choice of subjects filled with allegory and irony. Artists lived in the palace, withstood the given style and mood in the works. A group of innovators formed a school of painting, which was different from the work of other representatives of the Renaissance.

Art historians call Ferrara artists "art seers." Plots of paintings, expressive images, built composition, rich colors, as if taken from the present and transferred to the distant past. The artists' style was a combination of the art of bold provocations and the Renaissance. The works of Cosimo Tura, Nicola Pisano, Dosso Dossi, Lorenzo Costa and other artists are kept in pinakothek and museums.

The paintings of innovative artists are estimated at 20−35 million dollars.

The main attractions of Ferrara:

1. Street Corso Erkole (Korso Erkole I d'Este), which has preserved in its original form all the palaces built in the Renaissance;
2. Castle of the Dukes d'Este (Castello Estense) - construction began in 1385;
3. The Palazzo dei Diamanti (Palazzo dei Diamanti) - the only monument in the Ferrara of the Renaissance, faced with marble. The "Diamond Palace" was built by the architect Biagio Rossetti in 1493-1503, decorated with 8500 diamond-like stones with expertly executed cuts;
4. University of Ferrara (Universita di Ferrara) - one of the oldest universities in Europe was founded in 1391 at the initiative of the ruling d'Este family.

Venice

In the second half of the 16th century, Republican Venice took the baton of the Renaissance center.

A Venetian school of painting is being formed. The works of Giorgione (1478 - 1510) and other masterpieces of the High Renaissance have survived to our time. Titian Vecellio (1477 - 1576) is recognized by contemporaries. Famous works are available at the Academy Gallery (Gallerie dell'Accademia). The works of Giovanni Bellini, Vittore Carpaccio, Paolo Veronese, rare paintings by Antonello da Messina are also presented here.

Art historians advise visiting the church of San Giorgio Maggiore, which houses the bold work of Tintoretto.

The giant Last Supper, written especially for the temple, is striking in the interweaving of the divine principle and earthly being. The room in which the picture is located has double lighting: usual from hanging lamps and the Universal, inexplicably distributed around the heads of Christ and his apostles.

Era periods

It is impossible to establish the exact dates of several centuries of the Renaissance. Differences in social and political life influenced the development of art in the regions. Doctor of Arts, Professor Viktor Nikitich Lazarev argued: the science of the Italian Renaissance has advanced so much that a number of emphasis has to be clarified ("The Beginning of the Early Renaissance in Italian Art"). However, the general patterns made it possible to determine the 4 stages of the Italian Renaissance.

Proto-renaissance

Italian culture is experiencing an unprecedented rise, which begins at the end of the XIII century and captures the XIV century. A similar transition from the Middle Ages to the new time was not in the history of other European countries. Literature in the native language flourishes. Poets of a new style ("sweet") appear, replaced by Dante. The depersonalized craft of workshop painters is supplanted by masters working individually. In the sculpture laid the foundations for the development of Renaissance art.

In the 13th century, Nicola Pisano works in Pisa. The master becomes at the origins of the school of sculpture, which has an impact on Italy until the middle of the XIV century. Architecture lags behind in development, remaining within the framework of medieval traditions. The first sprouts appear in spatial solutions and elegant decoration of buildings. The Italian culture of this time was called the era of Dante Alighieri and Giotto di Bondone.

Early Renaissance

The Early Renaissance in Italy is the first half and middle of the 15th century. In art, a sharp change occurs. The hearth of the Renaissance from Florence is unevenly distributed throughout Italy. Gothic traditions are still alive in the north of the country. In the south, Filippo Brunelleschi works, claiming to be the building of alfantica.

Since the middle of the third decade, the reformer of the Florentine school Masaccio (Masaccio) has been making a breakthrough in painting. Donatello lays the foundation for an individual sculptural portrait. In the work of the sculptor of the “Florentine school” Nanni di Banco, monumental forms appear (figures of four saints in the niche of Orsanmichele).

During this period, art turns to scientific knowledge. Artists and architects are developing the theory of proportions and linear perspective. The study of the anatomical structure of the human body is used to create realistic works.

High

At the turn of the XV and XVI centuries, the Renaissance enters into a 30-year period of exceptional development of artistic creativity in Italy, especially in Rome. The main patron becomes Pope Julius II (Iulius PP. II). The rich history of the ancient city returns masters to antiquity. The theme of glorifying heroic deeds and duty is becoming fashionable.

The rise of art is associated with the names of Leonardo da Vinci, Giorgione, Raphael, Titian, Michelangelo. Since 1503, the "golden era" of architecture begins. Donato Bramante (Donato (Donnino) di Pascuccio di Antonio detto il Bramante) lays the foundation for the architecture of the new period. St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican (Basilica di San Pietro) becomes a classic example of the achievements of High Renaissance architecture.

Later

The difficult period of the late Renaissance began in the middle of the 16th century. Pope Paul III (Paulus PP III) sees the main task in the fight against dissidents. The convened Council of Trent (December 13, 1545 - December 4, 1563) begins an attack on the Renaissance culture. The church forbids the books of Petrarch, Dante, Boccaccio and other humanists. Dad exercises control over art. From artists demand orthodoxy and canonicity. Italian artists have different perceptions of change. Large artists of the older generation (Titian, Michelangelo) preserve the artistic traditions of the Renaissance.

Young artists (Veronese, Bassano, Tintoretto) use the Renaissance experience to create a new trend of "mannerism". At the end of the 16th century, the founder of realism in painting, the reformer Michelangelo Caravaggio (Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio), began his creative activity.

Useful for you: where to see the paintings of Caravaggio in Rome

North

Modern culturologists and art historians single out the fifth period of the humanistic movement that went beyond Italy of the 15th century. The Northern Renaissance was formed under the powerful influence of the Italian Renaissance, but has its own characteristics:

1. Occurs during the period of the extinction of the Renaissance;
2. The culture of German-speaking countries lacks a visible interest in antiquity.

Philosophy and Literature

In contrast to the religious beliefs of Western Europe, Renaissance philosophers create an ideological movement - humanism. Petrarch, Dante, Boccaccio, other thinkers put Man with his earthly and unearthly needs at the center of the universe.

Niccolo Machiavelli

The statesman, thinker, diplomat Niccolo Machiavelli (Niccolo di Bernardo dei Machiavelli) was a significant person in Tuscany. His plays were popular with the public, and philosophical treatises caused controversy and criticism. Famous works - "Sovereign", "Reasoning ...", "Decades". The views of Machiavelli (1469-1527) prevented the new authorities from pursuing their policies. The writer was fired twice, arrested, and even tortured on end.

Dante Alighieri

A prominent representative of the Italian Proto-Renaissance is a theologian, philosopher, poet Dante Alighieri (1265 - 1321). The interweaving of old traditions and new trends of the period affected the philosophical views of the author of "Divine Comedy". The last poet of the Middle Ages was the first to lay the foundations of humanism in his works, and created the Italian literary language.

The novel "New Life" for the first time describes the feelings of an ordinary person. In the treatise "Feast," the prerequisites of a renaissance theory of style appear. Dante believes in the limitless possibilities of a creative person and claims: the happiness of every person lies in earthly existence. The doctrine of the earthly and divine nature of man departs from medieval views and becomes the basis of humanism.

Francesco Petrarch

The apotheosis of the life of the head of the older generation of humanists of the Proto-Renaissance of Italy was the coronation of a laurel wreath from the Roman Curia. A new type of man, Francesco Petrarch (1304–1374), began the Renaissance in Italy and spread ideas throughout Europe. Nobody could compete with the best poet of Rome at that time. Worldwide recognition, social circle, knowledge of philosophy lead to a scientific understanding of the Renaissance.
Petrarch Achievements:

1. The first to explain the historical principle in understanding the era. Found the continuity and differences between antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
2. He analyzed the manuscripts of ancient authors, the contents of which were not known for 10 centuries.
3. Described the worldview of humanists.
4. He wrote "Sonnets", "Book of Songs", "Triumphs", "Africa". The author of treatises, polemical works, literary works developed the basis for the scientific understanding of the Renaissance.

Giovanni Boccaccio

The Italian humanist was an outstanding scholar. He knew astronomy, studied Greek literature, collected and rewrote manuscripts, and founded the Department of Greek in Florence. Boccaccio (1313 - 1375) led the company for the protection of scientific works in the monastery libraries and encouraged contemporaries to study ancient literature.

The author of historical works compiled a genealogy of pagan gods, described 106 biographies of famous women, was a poet and prose writer. He entered the history of the Renaissance as a humanist who rejects asceticism. The main work is a collection of one hundred novels "The Decameron" dedicated to the ironic account of the life and customs of Italian society.

Palaces and architecture

Thanks to palaces commissioned by the heads of the illustrious families of the Italian Renaissance, Tuscany acquired a rigorous "Florentine style." The appearance of two palazzos - the Palazzo Medici (Palazzo Medici Riccardi) and the Strozzi (Palazzo Strozzi) - is associated with many years of struggle between the richest clans of bankers.

Patron of the democratic warehouse of Cosimo Old Medici (Cosimo il vecchio) was the patron of artists and architects. In art, he loved strict simplicity, did not accept luxury. In 1444, the Medici commissioned the architect Michelozzo di Bartolomeo (Michelozzo di Bartolomeo) to build a palace for the family, not envy compatriots.

By order of the customer, the first building of the Early Renaissance style was laid out with flagstone, which was used to decorate public buildings. The palace was built for 20 years.Donatello, Botticelli, Michelangelo worked here.

After returning to Florence from forced flight, Filippo Strozzi decides to build a palazzo, not inferior in magnitude to the palace of his rival. Pressure from the customer on the architect and engineer led to the fact that the buildings were almost "twins". The palace gives the impression of grandeur in combination with the emphasized simplicity of the facade.

Saint Paul's Cathedral

In the 4th century, a small temple was erected at the burial place of the Apostle Peter. Pope Julius II proposed rebuilding the basilica in 1506. The construction, which lasted more than 100 years, was attended by 20 prominent architects. Among them are Bernardo, Michelangelo, Rafael Santi, Giacomo and others.

Donato Bramante (1444 - 1514) was the first to embark on the idea of ​​constructing a cathedral in the form of a cross crowned with a huge dome. After the death of the architect, construction stopped. After 33 years of work, Michelangelo continued. The author of the drawings found an unexpected solution that creates the illusion of a spring dome. The master did not have time to implement his plan. Continued the work of Giacomo della Porta (Giacomo della Porta). Raised to a height of 136 meters, the dome became the highest in the world. Interior decoration was done by Italian sculptor Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini, who worked in the cathedral for 20 years.

• You will find the instruction useful: how to climb the dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral

Dome of the Florence Cathedral

After the erection of the grand dome of the Florence Cathedral, Santa Maria del Fiore (La Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore), Brunelleschi became the most famous architect in Italy.

The first major Renaissance monument embodied an innovative engineering idea based on the use of specially invented mechanisms.

Medieval masters doubted the possibility of building a structure weighing 9 thousand tons, a diameter of 42 meters, at a height of 91 meters.

The riddle was solved by Brunelleschi. He proposed a model of the cathedral to the city council and proved that he would build the dome using innovative engineering methods. The construction of the dome began in 1420 and completed in 1436. Three years later, the student of Andrea del Verrocchio (Leonardo da Vinci) completed the marble lantern crowned with a golden ball. The construction separated the building traditions of the Middle Ages from the architecture of the Renaissance. The unique monument has become a symbol of Florence.

Sculpture

A new worldview triggered a revolution in sculpture. The Middle Ages did not consider the sculptors' works as a separate type of creativity and perceived them as a single whole with architecture. Sculptors depart from accepted canons and become independent authors.

Donatello

Among the geniuses, Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi, better known as Donatello, occupies a special place. For the first time, a master from Florence creates a nude sculpture. He appeals to biblical characters, giving them the features of Greek gods.

By order of the Medici, Donatello is working on the image of David. The naked figure of a free, relaxed hero confuses Cosimo.

A bold sculpture made in the style of realism is installed in the backyard of the palazzo, away from contemporaries. To maintain balance, Donatello makes copies of ancient sculptures, which the patron places in the inner portico of the palace.

Working on a statue of Christian St. Mary Magdalene, the sculptor takes a bold step. He represents the myrrh-bearing woman exhausted by repentance, an old woman, covered in long hair and a holey rags.

The sculptor combines classical and realistic styles in his work. By order of the city council, he makes statues of the prophets with expressionless faces and figures covered in thick clothes. But in the cathedral Orsanmichele (Orsanmichele, Or San Michele) sets up a sculpture of St. George.

Departing from the traditional image with a dragon and a spear, Donatello presents a completely different image. A beautiful and calm hero enjoys his own victory.

Art

The forerunners of the Italian Renaissance were Giotto di Bondone, Pietro Cavallini, Simone Martini. At the heart of creativity lay the traditions of the Middle Ages, combining new artistic techniques. An independent genre is a portrait. Masaccio (Masaccio), Niccolo Pizzolo (Niccolo Pìzzolo), Sandro Botticelli (Sandro Botticelli) give characters individual characters.

The actions of the heroes have human motivation. In the High Renaissance, art reaches its peak.

Leonardo da Vinci

For five centuries, researchers of da Vinci's work (1452 - 1519) have been trying to find the answer to the question: who is he, a genius personality in everything? The supernatural abilities of the Master led to an unexpected hypothesis.

Leonardo da Vinci is the messenger of higher civilizations, the ancestor of the future of humanity.

The innovator in painting applied oil paints, inscribed figures in the landscape, made portraits “alive”. "Madonna in the Rocks" is the first picture in the history of painting, where the characters are depicted inside the landscape. "Lady with an ermine" stands in three quarters, and not in profile, and listens to an invisible interlocutor.

In the Last Supper fresco, the apostles differ in gestures and emotions. Before Leonardo, the individuality of characters was never so clearly spelled out.

The inventor of the sfumato method shaded the lines, made the transition of light to shadow, and enlivened the canvases. Until now, visitors to the Louvre are losing consciousness at the sight of "Mona Lisa", whose appearance goes beyond the boundaries of the picture. Da Vinci theoretically substantiated the need for artistic practice and left it to the descendants of the Vitruvian man as a standard of canonical proportions.

Leonardo did not study at universities, but made discoveries in 50 types of knowledge. After 500 years, some of them will be confirmed by official science.

Michelangelo Buonarroti

The creativity of the second of the titans of Italian art is considered the culmination of the High Renaissance. For a long life, Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475 - 1564) embodied all the ideals of the era in his work. In the early works, characteristic features of the master's style were manifested: monumental images, plastic art, exaltation of the beauty of man (relief "Centaur Battle").

Michelangelo's sculptures decorated the Vatican, Florence, Rome. The work "Pieta" is considered the pinnacle of world sculpture.

The appearance of "David" aroused the delight of contemporaries. The work embodied the ideas of civic valor and human beauty.

The cycle of frescoes of the Sistine Chapel is considered the most monumental work of the author. The painter completed the most difficult task on his own in record time.

In the second decade of the 16th century, Michelangelo works on the tomb of Julius II. The completed sculpture "The Dying Slave" depicts everything that the captive had to endure: unbearable pain and release from torment with the advent of death. Realism of the image aroused rumors in society. It was believed that the sitter was tortured to convey the suffering of the unfortunate. The late period of creativity reflects the tragic attitude towards the collapse of the ideals of the Renaissance. The theme of heroism is replaced by the image of a dying person.

Raphael Santi

Rafael Santi - an outstanding, architect, graphic artist is considered the third textbook person who began a revolution in the art of the Renaissance. He lived for 37 years, but left humanity an invaluable legacy of the cultural achievements of the Renaissance.

At the age of 19, Rafael Santi (1483 - 1520) writes the Madonna of the Conestabile, full of harmony and spiritual beauty.

After moving to Florence, Raphael creates about 20 Madonnas, whose individual images are endowed with the extraordinary warmth of a loving mother.

In 1508, Santi became the official painter of the Vatican. The murals of the palace - “Stanze di Raffaello” - bring fame and nominate the artist among the three largest masters of monumental art.

Along with religious paintings, Santi paints portraits. The multifaceted talent of the painter influenced the development of architecture. The chief architect of St. Peter’s Cathedral draws up a new construction plan and continues with Bramante’s plans.

The architect erects churches and chapels in Rome, builds a palazzo. A distinctive feature of the style of the architect is the desire to connect the purpose of the building with the dimensions and facades of neighboring buildings. Each palace had an individual elegant look.

Titian Vecellio

The life-affirming art of the largest representative of the Venetian school of Titian Vecellio belongs to the Renaissance of the high and late periods.

The first artist of Venice, titled during his lifetime, had his own style and vision of new art. Since 1510, for 20 years, the painter creates pathos monumental canvases (murals of the church in Venice, The Ascension of Mary), religious and mythological paintings (Venus Urbinskaya, The Ascension of Our Lady).

The artist's fame was brought to portraits of his contemporaries, which show the conflicting characters. Virtuoso works were created using a new technique inherent only to Titian. The painter used subtle tonal shades of colors, chose a characteristic pose or gesture of the hero being depicted ("Portrait of Federico Gonzaga", "Beauty", "Ippolito Medici"). Recent paintings on religious subjects are considered the pinnacle of painting ("Mourning of Christ", "Penitent Magdalene"). The development of world art largely determined the work of the painter of the Renaissance.

Music

In the XIV century in Italy, an era of change in music. The path of development of art from the Middle Ages to the Late Renaissance was a period of development of a strict style - polyphony. The peak of the development of inspired music is considered to be the work of composer Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina).

The concert life of the Renaissance is enriched with new genres: opera, solo song, lyrical musical pieces for 3-4 voices (Frotoll). The impetus for the emergence of Italian opera was the idea of ​​Vincenzo Galileo to combine ancient drama with music. The first opera is Eurydice (composed by Jacopo Peri).

Renaissance composers begin to focus on modern dance culture, new genres in instrumental music appear. Schools of performing on the lute and vaginal are becoming popular. The organ at the beginning of the era was the main instrument of musicians. Gradually, concert performances are enriched by the string family. Masters in the manufacture of bowed instruments are divided into two warring groups. Adherents of the aristocratic style propaganda viola.

Fans of folk music prefer the violin. In the XV century, there are varieties of keyboard instruments - harpsichord, champagne, clavichord.

Theater

Italy is the birthplace of the Renaissance theater. Passion for antiquity and works of Greek authors influenced the appearance of comedies and tragedies with the prefix "scientist".

At the same time, vagrant actors with circus tricks, comedy dances, and funny songs give performances on the city streets. In the middle of the 16th century a mask theater was formed. Del Arte (commedia dell'arte) was based on improvisation on a short story. Each character in the play is a pointed cartoon for a specific type of social personality. The appearance of the theater of masks changes the spirit of performances. The mask image shows gentlemen, servants, merchants, bankers.

Combining the experience of folk theater with a "learned" drama formed a new kind of theater art. The comedy "Mandragora" is considered the best exponential play of the time (author - Niccolo Machiavelli). A new kind of theater art quickly became a favorite sight of the people.

Interesting Facts

1. The historian and artist Giorgio Vasari in 1550 referred to the term rinascita as a breakthrough in art, rather than a return to the origins of antiquity.
2. While searching for relics of antiquity, Boccaccio visited the Montecassino Monastery. In the library, he discovered the ancient manuscripts of Homer and Plato with torn sheets. It turned out that the monks scraped the old text from parchment, made amulets and sold.
3. An impeccable melody was discovered in The Last Supper. She appeared after a computer technician drew a stave along the monumental painting. The hands of angels and bread on the table make up harmonious music.
4. Reactionary trends during the Late Renaissance touched the work of Michelangelo. By decree of Pope Paul IV, it was prescribed to “dress” the nude figures of the Last Judgment.
5. During the last restoration of the frescoes of the Sistine Chapel, it was found that Michelangelo often painted without a brush, only with his fingers.
6. In 1994, at a Christie's auction, Bill Gates acquired the Leonardo da Vinci manuscript for $ 30.8 million. The manuscript, written between 1504-1508, contains scientific notes and drawings exploring natural phenomena. A businessman and philanthropist temporarily handed over the Leicester Codex to the Galleria degli Uffizi Gallery in Florence for an exhibition dedicated to the 500th anniversary of the death of one of the largest representatives of the art of the High Renaissance.

The main cultural achievements of the Renaissance

1. The legacy of the Italian Renaissance changed the world, opened a new era in the development of art. Cultural monuments have become historical values.
2. Purposeful collecting has arisen and developed.
3. During the Renaissance, artistic culture stood out as a professional activity.
4. The ideas of humanism were embodied in the works of masters who created the image of a new, harmoniously developed person.
5. Artists solved the problem of perceiving illusions, discovered the possibilities of depicting a three-dimensional world, invented new forms of creativity.
6. Sculpture is becoming an independent art form.
7. Monuments of architecture are being erected, the foundations of a professional theater are being laid.
8. The Renaissance opens opera, solo song, new genres in instrumental music.
9. The Renaissance gives birth to the universal constellation of the Titans, enriching the history of culture with invaluable works in painting, architecture, sculpture, music.
10. Modern values ​​and moral principles cannot be imagined without the humanistic ethics of the Renaissance.

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